After Pregnancy - Drugs Used During Breastfeeding- Effects on Newborn Baby


After Pregnancy - Drugs Used During Breastfeeding- Effects on Newborn Baby

Before prescribing any medication to a lactating mother pediatrician should consider the following conditions:

a.       Is drug therapy absolutely necessary
b.      Whether infant has got ability to metabolize the medication
c.       How far we can minimize drug exposure to infant
d.      The pharmacokinetics of the drug
e.      Will the drug interact with the medication the infant is prescribed, whether the drug may have adverse effect in the nursing infants and lastly
f.        To choose the safest drug as far as possible

Types of Drugs Prescribed

Cytotoxic Drug- after Pregnancy

Cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, doxorubicin and methotrexate, etc. were thought to interfere with cellular metabolism in nursing infants. Immune-suppression, and neutropenia may cause in the nursing infant Effects of growth and carcinogenesis are not known.

Drug of Abuse- After Pregnancy


Amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, marijunana, phencyclidine may lead to poor sleeping and irritability- vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, restlessness, poor feeding, decreased weight gain in infants and possible increased respiratory illness in the infants.

Psychotropic Drugs- After Pregnancy


Antianxiety, Antidepression, Antipsychotic drugs. These drugs usually appear in breast milk in low concentration leads to limited adverse effects in infants but its long-term effects although unknown but colic, irritability, feeding and sleep disorders and slow weight gain are reported with fluoxetine, chlorpromazine may lead to drowsiness and lethargy and declining development score has been reported.

Padioactive Compounds- After Pregnancy


Drug like copper 64, 131 I, etc. when prescribed in a nursing mother is better to be avoided. A short acting radio nucleotide may be appropriate. It is very much important to screen milk samples, to find out any radioactive drugs in the milk before receiving feeding.

Other Drugs- After Pregnancy


Amiodarone may cause hypothyroidism, cholraphenicol leads to idiosyncratic bone marrow suppression. Metronidazole and tinidazole are in vitro mutagenic agents. Clofazimine may increase skin pigmentation. Atenolol cause cyanosis and bradycardia. Phonobarbitone may lead to sedation, infantile spasm and methemogloginemia and ergotamine may cause vomiting, diarrhea and convulsions.

Homeopathy Drugs during Pregnancy


Homeopathy Drugs during Pregnancy

Homeopathy drug is ideal for women in their childbearing years as it is a gentle yet highly effective system of medicine. During pregnancy, some women will chose to live with the discomfort of minor complaints such as morning sickness or heartburn, rather than seek treatment because they are concerned about the possible side effects of orthodox medicines on their unborn child.

                Homeopathic medicines are safe for your growing baby because only a minute amount of the active ingredient is used in their preparation. They work by stimulating the body’s own healing powers. Good homeopathic treatment prior to conception can prepare you for a healthy pregnancy.

                By stimulating your vitality in pregnancy, homeopathic treatment will automatically benefit your baby and by staying as healthy as possible during pregnancy, you are giving your baby the ideal conditions in which to thrive. Many homeopaths will also offer advice on your diet and lifestyle to encourage a healthy pregnancy and birth.

                Physical and emotional changes during pregnancy may cause minor health problems such as nausea, mild urinary problems, diarrhea heartburn, anemia, varicose veins, backache, cramps, thrush or emotional distress. All these problems and more potentially complicated symptoms such as raised blood pressure can also be helped by professional homeopathic treatment.

Symptoms or pregnancy and its management

Morning Sickness
Symptoms of morning sickness include nausea, occasional vomiting and tiredness. Many women experience these symptoms during the first three months of pregnancy, usually in the morning when the stomach is empty, although it can occur at any time of the day.

                The traditional cure of eating a dry biscuit before getting out of bed worth trying. Avoid rich, fatty foods and try eating little and often if your nausea is worse when you are hungry.

                Seek professional help if your vomiting is sever for example, if you are unable to keep food down and are losing weight or if it persists past your third month. The following remedies are the more commonly indicated. 

Ipecac: Constant, nausea with empty belching and retching; vomiting is difficult and does not relieve your nausea.

Nux vomica: Nausea with retching that is relieved by vomiting; sour belching, indigestion and heartburn. You may have a sensation that there is a knot in your stomach. You feel bad-tempered.

Pulsatilla: Nausea (with little vomiting), worse after eating and drinking, better in the fresh air and for company. You feel weepy, moody and like to be comforted.

Sepia: Intermittent nausea which is worse in the mornings and worse for the smell or thought of food; there is an empty, sinking feeling in the stomach which is temporarily relieved by eating. You feel apathetic, exhausted and heavy but oddly are better for vigorous exercise. You are indifferent or cross with children and partner.

Constipation in pregnancy

Constipation is common in pregnancy as the hormones, which prepare the muscles of the pelvis for labor, can slow the digestive processes down. Adjusting your diet can often help mild constipation. Increase your intake of fluids, fruit and vegetables, go easy on wheat products and avoid iron tablets.
Any lasting change in your usual pattern of bowel movements should be assessed professionally but for a simple case of constipation in pregnancy, try one of the following remedies:
Bryonia: Large, hard, dry stools which are difficult to expel; often with a headache which is worse for the slightest movement. You are irritable.
Nux vomica: Frequent urging to pass a stool but in spite of straining, passing only small amounts each time; it feels as if some is left behind; piles that may itch and bleed.
Sepia: Straining to pass a large, hard stool; your stomach feels full and there is a sensation of a lump in the rectum that may remain even after passing a stool.

You feel generally sluggish.
Sulphur: Constipation with piles that itch and burn and are worse for heat. You are generally restless, thirsty and sensitive to the heat.

Diet in Pregnancy

During pregnancy, it is especially important to eat well, from a wide range of foods as this will provide you with the extra trace minerals and vitamins that you need. If you are on a restricted diet or wish to take vitamin and mineral supplements, then it is important that you do so on the advice of a competent medical practitioner, nutritionist or homeopath. Do avoid smoking and alcohol as these are bad for your health and that of your unborn child. Be sure to get plenty of rest and sleep and to exercise regularly. Yoga has been found to be particularly helpful during pregnancy. Increase your intake of iron-rich foods to keep up with an increase demand. Foods rich in iron include green, leafy vegetables, black strap molasses, dried peaches and apricots, beans and lentils, whole grains, seeds (sunflower and pumpkin), nuts and eggs.

                Vitamin C helps the body to absorb iron so take a fresh citrus drink with a meal to increase your iron intake. Avoid tea, especially with a meal, as it actually prevents iron from being absorbed. Iron tablets often have side effects such as constipation so ask your homeopath about safe homeopathic alternatives if you need extra iron and are not able to get it from your diet. 

                Many of the above foods are also high in frolic acid, an important trace mineral that helps with the absorption of iron and is essential for a health pregnancy.

 

Childbirth

There are effective remedies to help deal with possible problems during childbirth, such as a cervix which is slow to dilate, pain, excessive bleeding, retained placenta and other difficulties.
Aconite: The labor is too fast, the pins are very strong and you have a feeling of panic.
Arnica: An indispensable remedy that can be given from time to time during labor to help the muscles function properly, to relieve the over-exertion of labor and reduce the bruised feeling after delivery.
Kali phos: For simple exhaustion during labor, mental, emotional and physical.
Caullophyllum: For a difficult labor where the cervix is slow to dilate and the pains are strong but ineffective. You feel cold and trembly.
Pulsatilla: When contractions are irregular and weak, the cervix is slow to dilate and you feel miserable, clingy and tearful. You may talk about wanting to give up and go home.

Healing after the Childbirth
After the birth, you can use homeopathic remedies to speed up healing for yourself and your baby- This will help you to enjoy the whole experience more:
Aconite: For shock following the fear of the intensity of birth, in yourself, your partner or your baby.
Amica: To relieve soreness, bruising and after-pains. Also helpful for babies who are bruised. If you are still sore after three days, take Bellis perennis to help with bruising to deep muscle tissues.
Kali phos: For mental exhaustion after delivery, with headache, tiredness but too excited to sleep, especially in the first day or two after the birth.
Pulsatilla: Postnatal ‘blues’, especially when the milk comes in. You feel utterly miserable and burst into tears at the slightest thing but you feel much better for being comforted.

Breastfeeding

Homeopaths recognize that breast milk gives babies a good start in life, so do keep in touch with your midwife, breastfeeding counselor and/or your homeopath if you want to breastfeed but find it painful or difficult or both.
                One useful remedy is Phytolacca for sore, cracked nipples, which hurt when the baby nurses. It is also useful for breast infections where there are painful lumps in the breast.

Treating Babies

Babies tend to respond quickly to homeopathic treatment. There are homeopathic remedies to help relieve the pains of colic or teething, nappy rash and more serious problems. We advise you to consult one of our members if you want homeopathic treatment for your baby and see our leaflet “Homeopathy for Babies and Children.”

Alcohol in Pregnancy


Alcohol in Pregnancy


A syndrome of malformations found in infants born to mothers who have consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Abnormalities include structural malformations, growth restriction, and neurologic abnormalities including mental retardation. Estimates vary from 6 to 10000 births (1193) to 1-2 of 1000 births (2000).

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy. There does not appear to be a lower limit of safety nor are the effects confined to one part of pregnancy. The severity of the effects does appear to be proportional to the amount and during of exposure. Clinically identifiable effects are generally not seen with sporadic exposures of less than 1 oz of alcohol per day. Although absolute safety cannot be assured even at this dose.

 

Alcohol used during pregnancy

Clinical characteristics
 Sign and Symptoms
Facial deformities- microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, flat midface, underdeveloped philtrum and thinned upper lip; low masal bridge, epicanthal folds, minor ear anomalies, small teeth with faulty enamel, foreshortened nose and micrognathia may also be seen; two or more abnormal facial features must be present to make the diagnosis.

Cardiac Malformations – these include the following:
a.       Deformities of joints, limbs, and fingers vision difficulties including nearsightedness.
b.      Intrauterine and extra uterine growth restriction.
c.       Mental retardation and developmental abnormalities, brain and spinal defects.
d.      Abnormal behavior such as short attention span, hyperactivity, poor impulse control, extreme nervousness, and anxiety.

 

Diagnostic approach

Differential Diagnosis
Other chromosomal or congenital syndromes.
Associated conditions: Maternal- other substance abuse sexually transmitted disease. Fetal- dental caries, cardiac defects, and ophthalmic problems.

Management and therapy

No pharmacological
General measures: For the mother – counseling , alcohol and substance abuse programs. For the fetus – evaluation, special education and support, surveillance for dental caries and cardiac and ophthalmic problems. 
Specific measures: None.
Diet: Reduction of elimination of alcohol for the duration of pregnancy.
Activity: No restriction.
Drug choice: None.

 

Follow-Up

Patient monitoring: Normal health maintenance, surveillance for dental caries and cardiac and ophthalmic problems.
Prevention/Avoidance: Reduction or elimination of alcohol use during pregnancy. No safe level of exposure has been demonstrated although sporadic use of less than I oz of alcohol per day has been associated with the syndrome.
Possible complications: Higher rate spontaneous miscarriage in heavy users of alcohol.
Expected outcome: Infants affected by fetal alcohol syndrome vary from mildly to profoundly mentally retard. Similarly, structural anomalies are variable, but life-long.

Smoking during Pregnancy and its Effects on the Baby


Smoking during Pregnancy and its Effects on the Baby

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is not only poses health risks to the mother, but also presents serious problems for her unborn baby.

Smoking during pregnancy causes about 5-6% of prenatal deaths, 17-26% of low –birth-weight births, and 7-10% of preterm deliveries and it increases the risk of miscarriage and fetal growth retardation.

Dangerous effects of smoking during pregnancy


You may have a look into the effects of smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are poisonous ingredients of cigarette that can cause a lot of harm inside the body.

Carbon Monoxide and Nicotine


Smoking leads to increase in the levels of carbon monoxide and nicotine in the mother’s bloodstream during pregnancy. Carbon monoxide and nicotine terrifying effects on the mother’s body, as the blood vessels are constricted and limited, showing an effect on the supply of oxygen and nutrients.
The growth of the baby is hampered as the baby is denied its full share of nutrients and oxygen. The whole situation is like to you are being hungry and being offered an insufficient amount of food with poisonous substances. When you smoke, this is what exactly your baby is going to experience.

Premature babies

One of the dangerous effects of smoking during pregnancy is that babies are likely to be born premature and is they are born in correct time the baby may be underweight and small. Such babies need special care under medical supervision, which extends their stay in hospital.

Other Dangerous Effects of Smoking during Pregnancy


Smoking during pregnancy leads to denial proper oxygen supply to baby, which in turn may lead to miscarriages or fetal brain damage. According to certain studies smoking during pregnancy may even lead to student infant death syndrome.
Another effect of smoking during pregnancy is found on the blood pressure of the developing baby. This adversely affects its development and the child’s learning ability, like attention deficit disorder retarded mental growth. When young the child may also develop respiratory problems like asthma.

Effects of smoking after pregnancy

Once your baby is born, still there is need to protect the child from smoking. Smoking leads to reduction in milk supply, and can hinder breastfeeding. Moreover, the baby gets a fair dose of nicotine through breast milk.
        This can cause diseases in the form of nausea, colic, diarrhea, etc. Second hand smoke is not good for the bay, since it affects the lungs through the nicotine it inhale. You would not like your baby to develop breathing disorders.

Weight and Size

On average, a pack-a-day habit during pregnancy will shave about a half-pound from a baby’s birth weight. Smoking two packs a day throughout your pregnancy could make your baby a full pound or more lighter. While some women may welcome the prospect of delivering a smaller baby, stunting a baby’s growth in the womb can have negative consequences that last a lifetime.

Body and Lungs

Undersize babies tend to have under developed bodies. Their lungs may not be ready to work on their own, which means they may spend their first days or weeks attached to a respirator. After they are breathing on their own, these babies may have continuing breathing problems- because of delayed lung development or other adverse effects of nicotine. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are especially vulnerable to asthma, and have double or even triple the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

 

Brain Function

Smoking during pregnancy can have life-long effects on your baby’s brain. Children of pregnant smokers are especially likely to have learning disorders, behavioral problems, and relatively low IQs. Recent animal studies suggest that nicotine in the womb can program a baby’s brain for a future addiction. By the time that baby becomes a teenager; just a few cigarettes could be enough to get him booked.

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